Bird and Loftus Domino Theory

 Unlike Heinrich Domino Theory which concentrates on individual factors, Bird and Loftus Domino Theory incorporates managemental factors as one of the causes that leads to an accident.

According to Bird and Loftus Domino Theory lack of management commitment leads to underlying causes (personal and job factors). These underlying causes leads to immediate causes (unsafe acts and unsafe conditions) which results in an accident and an accident causes injury, damage or loss. 

Personal and Job factors (Underlying Causes)

Some of the examples of personal factors are poor attitude towards occupational health and safety, lack of perception, lack of knowledge and training that can lead to skill and knowledge based errors, "faults in a person" as explained in Heinrich Domino Theory etc.

Some of the examples of Job factors are lack of lighting, low or high temperature, poor ergonomic design of the workplace, workload, lack of arrangement and procedures and so on. 

This personal and job factors are considered to be the "underlying causes" for unsafe acts and conditions.

Unsafe Acts and Unsafe Conditions (Immediate Causes)

Some of the examples of unsafe acts and unsafe conditions are:-

• Standing in the line of fire.
• Not wearing proper PPE.
• Not following or bypassing safety instructions.
• Removing machinery safety guards etc.

Accidents

Accidents are unplanned and unwanted events that has led to injury, damage or loss.